However, arteriography is invasive, uses ionising radiation, and iodinated contrast media. Thus, regular screening is considered an essential part of aggressive management as it can help to identify cases at risk of arterial disease/insufficiency so as to initiate intervention promptly.Ĭonventional arteriography had been the gold standard for assessing the severity, location, and extent of LEPAD. LEPAD is a major predictor of lower limb amputation in patients with diabetic foot wound (diabetic foot ulcer and diabetic foot gangrene).Ī prompt diagnosis of LEPAD in people with T2DM helps to initiate early treatment which can prevent attendant complications. The lower the ABI, the greater the risk of cardiovascular events.
Patients with LEPAD, even without a history of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, have approximately the same relative risk of death from cardiovascular events as do patients with a history of coronary or cerebrovascular disease. The reported prevalence is higher when defined with abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) than when defined clinically. Study-to-study variation in prevalence of LEPAD can be explained by differences in LEPAD definition, age and ethnicity, and disease duration. People with T2DM are 2–4 times more likely than the general population to have this condition. It affects over 200 million individuals globally. LEPAD is a frequent complication in patients with T2DM. PAD affecting the lower limb arteries is termed lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD). PAD/PVD is an umbrella term that encompasses various atherosclerotic and aneurysmal diseases affecting the extra-coronary circulation. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)/Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is an important manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis characterized by occlusive changes in the lower limb arteries. Long term persistent hyperglycemia in T2DM leads to microvasculopathy (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) or macrovasculopathy (stroke, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular diseases).Ītherosclerosis is one of the dreaded complications of T2DM. In Nigeria, the prevalence of T2DM is 3.9% according to the current Diabetes Atlas of the International Diabetes Federation. The current estimated prevalence of DM worldwide is 9.3% and is forecasted to reach 10.2% and 10.9% by 20, respectively. Type 2 DM results from the inability of the body’s cells to respond fully to insulin (insulin resistance). Type 1 DM is caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin production. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder defined by chronic hyperglycaemia secondary to impaired insulin production, faulty insulin action, or a combination of the two.
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